چکيع هدل ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي تؽثت زيعؼي ظ ؼ پ دن نوبؼ 4 ؾهكتبى گؽ وبت ل ژي ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي ايؽاى ت ؽاى ايؽاى

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1 ثيبى ژى ث اى يک هب گؽ ؾيك يت 3 *1 2 1 ؼزين قليوب ي خل ظاؼ ث بؼ لبقوي خ اظ ازوعي هسوع قؽهعي 1- گؽ ل م آؾهبيهگب ي ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي تؽثت زيعؼي تؽثت زيعؼي ايؽاى 2- گؽ وبت ل ژي ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي ايؽاى ت ؽاى ايؽاى خعيع ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى 3- گؽ ه عقي ث عانت هسي ظا هکع ث عانت ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي تؽثت زيعؼي تؽثت زيعؼي ايؽاى چکيع ؾهي عف: ه لک ل بي غيؽکعن ع ه لک ل ت يوي كت ع ک ثكيب يؼ اؾ فؽآي ع بي زيب يت ظاضل قل ل ؼا ت ين هيک ع. ثيبى ژى ي غيؽکعن ع اي اقت ک مم کليعي ؼا ظؼ ت ين فؽآي ع بي ه ن ظاضل قل لي ايفب هيک ع ظؼ ثي ل ژي ا ا هطتلفي اؾ قؽ بى ب يؿ ظضبلت ظاؼظ. عف ايي ه بل ثؽؼقي ولکؽظ بي ت يوي ايي هؽؼي ثؽ مم آى ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى ب اقت. ؼل ب: ظؼ ايي ه بل هؽؼي پبيگب PubMed Science Direct Scopus Elsevier ثب کليع اژ غيؽکعن ع قؽ بى هتبقتبؾ ي قبل بي 1992 تب 2116 خكتد ظؼ هدو ت عاظ 213 همبل ا تطبة ظؼ بيت ت عاظ 63 همبل هؽتج اؼظ ه بل گؽظيع. تبيح: ژى ظؼ ت ين ظ فؽآي ع ثي ل ژيکي ه ن يؽ ت ين ثيبى ژى پيؽايم خبيگؿي ي ظضبلت ظاؼظ. ژى ظؼ ت ين چؽض قل لي ظؼ هؽازل الي هتبقتبؾ قؽ بى ف بلقبؾي P53 ژى عف آى ثيبى ف بليت فبکت ؼ ؼ يكي ا ک ژ يک B-MYB ظؼ ت ين ف بليت فبکت ؼ ؼ يكي E2F1 ظؼ هكيؽ آپ پت ؾ ت ين افؿايم ل ع ض ى ثكيب يؼ اؾ فؽآي ع بي ظيگؽ مم ظاؼظ. تيد گيؽي: ايي ه بل ثب ثسث ثؽؼقي چگ گي تبثيؽ ثؽ ت ين فؽآي ع بي زيب يت ظاضل قل لي ق ي ظؼ ظؼک ث تؽ هکب يكن پيهؽفت قؽ بى ت ق ايي ت يوي ظاؼظ. ظؼک مم ايي ت يوي کهف تبثيؽ آ ب ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى هطتلف هي ت ا ع ظؼ پيمآگ ي پيهگ يي پبقص ث ظؼهبى هؽزل ث عي پبت ل ژيک ظؼهبى ثيوبؼي هفيع ثبنع وچ يي هيت ا ع ث اى ا عاف ظؼهب ي خعيع ه ؽذ ن ع. کليع اژ ب: غيؽکعن ع ثل ع قؽ بى هتبقتبؾ آظؼ يك ع هكئ ل: گؽ ل م آؾهبيهگب ي ظا هگب ل م پؿنکي تؽثت زيعؼي تؽثت زيعؼي ايؽاى آظؼ پكت الکتؽ يک: ahmadij1@thums.ac.ir

2 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... همعه قؽ ب ب اغلت ث لل تغييؽ ظؼ ت اؾى نجک قل لي ثؽ به ثيبى زيب يت ژى وي ؼ تغييؽات ژ تيکي ظؼ ژى بيي ک هكيؽ بي ظ ع هي ؼش هيک ع ک تؽل ؼا قل ل ژى )1(. ت ه ؼقبپؽق ؼ ا ک ژى ب ظ گؽ ايلي اؾ ژى ب كت ع ک هيک ع. ت ين ؼا قل لي ت اؾى جي ي ژى ا ک ژى ب كت ع ک ظچبؼ تغييؽ نع ثب اؾ ظقت ظاظى ولکؽظ جي ي ض ظ فؽآي ع بي تؽا كف ؼهبقي ى ؼا ايدبظ هي وبي ع. غيؽکعن ع غيؽکعن ع ثبن ع )5-2(. قؽک ثگؽ قؽ ب ؿا ظؼ ژ م ا كبى كجت ت ه ؼ )ا ک ژ يک( )ت ه ؼ اؾ قبپؽق ؼ( ايي خول DNA ا ک ژى ب غيؽکعن ع ث کل هي DNA ژ هيک تمؽيجب %98/5 اقت. ظؼ ال ت ب ظؼ زعظ ژى اؾ ژ م ا كبى ث پؽتئيي کع هين ظ. هبثمي ژ م ا كبى ظؼگػنت غيؽ ولکؽظي ث اى DNA ثي اؼؾل (Junk) يب DNA غيؽ کعن ع فؽ هينع. ثؽاقب تبيح ه بل بت ه خ ظ ايي DNA ثي اؼؾل اؾ يچيک اؾ ژى ن بضت نع ههتك هع ث يچ پؽتئي ي آ بليؿ بي اضيؽ تؽا كکؽيپت م )هدو اي m يب پيبمؼقبى يب ؼ نت بيي کع وين ع. اؾ ه لک ل يک ک ظؼ قل ل يب ظؼ خو يتي اؾ قل ل ب ثيبى هين ظ( يؿ هبى ظاظ اقت ک فؽآي ع ؼ يكي ظؼ قؽتبقؽ هين ظ ک تيد آى ت ليع نوبؼ ؾيب يظ ژ م پكتب عاؼاى ا دبم اؾ ؼ نت ب اؾخول غيؽکعن ع )ncs( وچ يي کعک عۀ پؽتئيي اقت. ظؼ ظ ژى ؼ ي گػنت تسميمبت غبلجب ثؽ کع ک عۀ پؽتئيي ا دبم هينع اهب ظؼ قبل اضيؽ ههطى گؽظيع اقت ک ثطم بئي اؾ ژ م ک پؽتئي ي ؼا کع ويک ع ظاؼاي مم وچ يي ظؼ قؽ بى ؾايي ا ويت هيثبن ع )11-6(. ت يوي فؽااى كت ع )کبؼقي ژ ؿ( هتبقتبؾ ثكيبؼ ثب ه لک ل بي غيؽکعن ع ث ظ گؽ ايلي ضب ظاؼ ت يوي جم ث عي هين ع. نبهل )هدو اي t ب اؾ r ب غيؽکعن ع ضب ظاؼ اقپاليك ؾهبل ب ک ظؼ فؽاي ع پيؽايم يف زػف اي تؽى ب ؼا ثؽ ع ظاؼ ع( هيثبن ع. ايي ب ه و ال ث ؼ هكتوؽ پي قت ظؼ قل ل ب ثيبىنع ثؽاي ولکؽظ بي زيب يت قل ل الؾم ؽؼي هيثبن ع. ظؼ زميمت nc هؽازل تکبهلي ضبو ظؼ ثبفت ب ثيوبؼي ت يوي ث ؼ اضت بيي ظؼ ل ثيبى ههط ي هين ع. ايي ب ثؽ اقب ا عاؾ ؼ نت ظؼ ظ گؽ جم ث عي هين ع: nc)1 ت يوي ک چک ک لي ثيي کلئ تيع ظاؼ ع نبهل هيکؽ ب nc)2 هيثبن ع. si ب )non coding ک لي ت يوي ثل ع ( Long 211 ثيم اؾ ظاؼ ع. nc کلئ تيع ت يوي ثل ع وعتب ث اي ا الق هين ظ ک لي ثيهتؽ اؾ 211 کلئ تيع ظانت لبثليت کع نعى ث پؽتئيي ضبيي ؼا عاؼظ )12, 13(. lnc ب ثؽ اقب ؿظيکينبى ث ؼ نت هدبؼ ض ظ ث گؽ 5 تمكين هين ع ک جبؼتا ع اؾ: ق ف )Sense( آ تي ق ف )Antisense( ظ ق ي )Bidirectional( اي تؽ ي )Intronic( ثيي ژ ي.)14,11,9( )Intergenic( lnc ب ظؼ ل تکبهل ث نعت زفب تنع ا ع الگ ي ثيبى هطتى قل ل ظاؼ ع ک هبىظ ع مم آى ب ظؼ فؽآي ع بي اضت بيي قل لي هيثبنع. ايي ثل ع ث اى ه لک ل ثبؾقبؾي ت يوي کليعي ظؼ ت ين فؽآي ع بيي اؾ لجيل کؽهبتيي ت ين ؼ يكي فؽآي ع بي ؼ يكي ت ين اپيژ تيک پؽظاؾل ث ع اؾ ک چک ت ين چؽض قل لي آپ پت ؾ مم ظاؼ ع )9, 15( هيت ا ع يک ظاؼثكت ثؽاي ث اى گ عاؼي چ عيي پؽتئيي يؿ ث اى يک ؼا وب ظؼ ث کبؼگيؽي پؽتئي ثؽاي خبيگب ضبيي اؾ کؽهبتيي ول ک ع يب قبضتبؼ ه ي کؽهبتيي ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ ظ ع. ه بل بت خعيع ثيبى چ عيي lnc ي ت ينک ع چؽض قل لي ؼا ظؼ قل ل ظاظ اقت. هسممبى ثيم اؾ lnc 211 کؽظ ا ع ک ظؼ ؿظيکي ثيم اؾ 51 ژى ک پؽتئيي پكتب عاؼاى هبى ؼا ن بقبيي ظؼگيؽ ظؼ چؽض قل لي ؼا کع هيک ع لؽاؼ ظاؼ ع. ايي ه لک ل ب مم ت يوي کليعي ؼا ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى ايفبء هيک ع )14, 16- lnc.)18 هي ب ظؼ ا ا هطتلفي اؾ قؽ بى ب اؾ ت ين ضبؼج هين ع ق ذ ثيبى ث ي اؾ آى ب ثب پيهؽفت هتبقتبؾ پيمآگ ي قؽ بى اؼتجب ظاؼظ )9, 21-19(. وچ يي ث ؽ ؼقع ک افؿايم ثيبى ث ي lnc اؾ ب )هب ع ا ک ژى ب( هيت ا ع ؼنع ت ه ؼ ت بخن ث هبتؽيکف ضبؼج قل ل قل لي قؽ ب ي ؼا افؿايم ظ ع. وچ بى ک ظؼ

3 کي 8 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... خعل نوبؼ 1 هبى ظاظ نع اقت lnc ب ظؼ ا ا هطتلفي اؾ ت ه ؼ بي ت پؽ ا كب ي ظؼگيؽ كت ع غبلجب افؿايم ثيبى ظاؼ ع ک هبىظ ع مم نج ا ک ژ ي آى ب ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى اقت )9(. ث ؼکلي ظ ظليل وع يؽ الگ ي ثيبى ولکؽظ lnc ب ث ا ويت آ ب افؿظ اقت. ث ي lnc ب اؾ ه ب مي ظؼ ژ م ؼ يكي اؾ هين ع ک ايي ه ب ك ثكيبؼ زفب ت نع ا ع. ايي ه ب ك ث ه ب ك ژ هي ث نعت زفب ت نع ه ؽفا ع. ال ثؽ ايي الگ ي ثيبى آى ب ظؼ ثيوبؼي هطتلف ثب ن هتفبت اقت ظؼ ل هؽازل هطتلف تکبهلي الگ ي ثيبى هتفبتي اؾ ض ظ هبى هيظ ع وچ يي ظؼ ثبفت هطتلف ظاؼاي ثيبى اضت بيي الگ ي وبى ثبفت هيثبن ع. وچ يي lnc ب ظؼ تغييؽ قبضتبؼ کؽهبتيي فؽآي ع بي ؼ يكي پف اؾ ؼ يكي )ظؼ ق ذ پيؽايم( ت ين ؼ يكي اؾ ؽيك ثؽ وک م ثب پؽتئيي هت ل ن ع ث قؽک ة پؽه تؽ ژى ف بليت ث اى کوک ف بل ک ع ژى عف عف غيؽف بل قبؾي کؽه ؾم x ظؼ هكيؽ پيبهع ي P53 ثؽ به ؼيؿي هدعظ قل ل ق هبتيک زف ضبييت تکثيؽي قل ل Cell( )Stem مم ظاؼ ع.)22( اضيؽا چ عيي lnc ث اى lncي پؽت اى هطتى قؽ بى ن بقبيينع اقت ک نبهل ؼ نت نوبؼ 1 هؽتج ثب هتبقتبؾ آظ کبؼقي هبي ؼي Metastasis Associated Transcript HOX )Lung Adenocarcinoma Atisense non-coding in antisense ( the INK4 locus هيثبن ع. ايي lnc هؽتج ثب قؽ بى اغلت ث ي ؼت بثدب ثيبى هين ع پيهؽفت قؽ بى ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ هيظ ع لػا ايي ازتوبل خ ظ ظاؼظ ک ايي ه لک ل ب ثت ا ع ث اى ثي هبؼکؽ خعيع ثؽاي تهطيى پيمآگ ي هتبقتبؾ پيم ثي ي پبقص ث ظؼهبى ول ک ع وچ يي ث اى ا عاف ظؼهب ي خعيع ه بؼنع يب تست ک تؽل ه ؽذ ن ع,9(.)14,11 ؼل ب پژ م زب ؽ يک ه بل هؽؼي اقت. ث ه ؼ ظقتيب يث ه بث هؽتج همبالت هت ى اؾ پبيگب بي Elsevier ث ا ال بتي PubMed Scopus, Science Direct ثب کليع اژ هتبقتبؾ ي غيؽکعن ع قؽ بى 2116 تب 1992 قبل بي خكتد گؽظيع. پف اؾ خكتد ي الي ت عاظ 213 همبل اؾ توبهي ا ا همبالت ک اؾ لسب اى هؽتج ثب ه ه ؼظ ؽ ث ظ ع ا تطبة گؽظيع قپف ثب ثؽؼقي چکيع ايي همبالت ت عاظ 155 همبل )هتي کبهل( خ ت ه بل ويك ا تطبة نع ظؼ بيت ت عاظ 63 همبل کبهل اؼظ ه بل گؽظيع. ظؼ ايي ه بل يژگي ثي ل ژيک س پؽظاؾل ت ين ولکؽظ ب ا ويت آى ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى تدؿي تسليل گؿاؼل گؽظيع. يژگي ثي ل ژيک يب Noncoding nuclear_ ( NEAT Lnc يک )Enriched Abundant Transcript 2 فؽااى ه س ؽ ظؼ كت ثب لي ظؼ زعظ 7/ ل ثبؾ اقت ک ظؼ قبل 2113 ث قيل خي )P )Ji اؾ ؽيك يجؽيعاقي ى کب هي ث اى يک پبؼاهتؽ پيمآگ ي ظ ع هتبقتبؾ ظؼ ثيوبؼاى هجتال ث آظ کبؼقي هبي ؼي )فبؾ 1( ثيوبؼاى هجتال ث کبؼقي هبي.)21( قل ل اقک اه )Squamos( ن بقبيي ظؼ ژ م ا كبى ژى ثؽي نع کؽه ؾم 11q13 بزي اي ک ثب ت ه ؼ ؾايي هتبقتبؾ ظؼ اؼتجب اقت لؽاؼگؽفت اقت )9, ثباليي اؾ زفب ت ظؼ.)21 ژى,21 گ اؾ پكتب عاؼاى 33 ثب ظؼخ ي يبفت هين ظ. )Open Reading Frame( ORF فبلع يک لبثلت خ اقت ث ظليل لؽاؼگيؽي آى ظؼ كت ث يع ث ؽ هيؼقع ک ث اى يک الگ ي الي ثؽاي ق تؿ پؽتئيي ول ک ع. ظؼ قل ل ازي اقپاليكي گ ا كبى ه ل ظؼ كت ظؼ SC35 ک ث اى غؼات كت اي speckle( )nuclear يب ض ن بي گؽا لي اي تؽکؽهبتيي يؿ ن بضت هين ع تدو يبفت اقت )23(. اقپيکل اؾ فبکت ؼ بي كت اي قبضتبؼ بي ؾيؽ كت اي كت ع ک غ ي Pre_m ضؽج پؽظاؾل ک ع m m اقپاليكي گ اؾ كت هيثبن ع يکي اؾ اخؿاء ايلي ايي قبضتبؼ ب اقت )24, 25(. ظاؼاي ظ ت الي هتفبت هتوبيؿ اقت ک آى ؼا ث ظاضل غؼات كت اي ثؽ وک م ايي ت ال ثب پؽتئيي عايت هيک ع ث اييتؽتيت ک ثب IBP160 SRm160 RNPS1 اقپيک يل وچ يي پؽتئيي اؾ لجيل

4 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... اثكت ث غؼات كت اي هب ع SON PRP6 اؼظ ايي غؼات هين ظ )23, 26(. تدو ظؼ ايي غؼات ثكتگي ث ف بل ث ظى ؼ يكي ظاؼظ. ت لف ؼ يكي ث قيل آلفب آهب يتيي يب 6 5 ظي کلؽ- 1 - β- -D ؼيج ث ؿايويعاؾل ه دؽ ث ت ؾي هدعظ ظاضل غؼات ث ضبؼج اؾ آى ب هين ظ )27(. پؽظاؾل اؾ ؼ يكي اؾ ژى اؾ چ عيي پؽه تؽ آغبؾ هين ظ. پف اؾ ؼ يكي ا ت بي 33 ؼ نت ت ق يک هکب يكن پؽظاؾني ظقتط ل تغييؽ هين ظ. ول پؽظاؾل ظؼ ا ت بي 3 ؼ نت ث قيل ظ RNase ا عژ ث بم بي RNaseZ RNaseP ا دبم هين ظ. ظؼ زيي پؽظاؾل ؼ نت ايلي يک nc ک چک ثب ي ث بم masc ههتك نع اؼظ قيت پالقن هين ظ. ولکؽظ masc تبک ى بن بضت ثبلي ک نجب ت ؾيب يظ ث هب ع اقت. فؽم ايلي ظاؼظ t پؽظاؾلنع ک ظؼ كت ثبلي هيهب ع يک nc ثكيبؼ قؽ بى قؽ بى ؼي قؽ بى کجع کبؼقي هبي قل ل کلي ي قؽ بى قي قؽ بى قؽيکف قبؼک هبي قل ل اقتؽهبيي ا عهتؽ ؼزن کبؼقي هبي کل ؼکتبل قؽ بى هثب اقتئ قبؼک هب پبيعاؼ اقت ک ازتوبال ظؼ تيد تهکيل يک قبضتبؼ ليکبل ق خ ي ظؼ ا ت بي 3 آى ايدبظنع ثب ث افؿايم يو وؽ آى هين ظ )23, 28(. خعل 1. مم ظؼ قؽ بى بي هطتلف ولکؽظ مم ه ج پبؼاهتؽ پيمآگ يظ ع ثؽاي ثمب هؽتج ثب هتبقتبؾ هؽتج ثب آظ کبؼقي هب کبؼقي هبي قل لثؿؼگ ت ين ثيبى ژى بي هؽتج ثب تسؽک قل لي )Motility( تبثيؽ ثؽ ه بخؽت قل لي تبثيؽ ثؽ گكتؽل هتبقتبتيک قل ل بي ت ه ؼي ظؼ in vivo ت ين افؿايهي ظؼ و بي ت ه ؼي ا كب ي ه ني هؽتج ثب ؼيكک ظ ت ه ؼ ث ع اؾ پي ع کجع ت ين ؾ ع هب عى تسؽک ت بخن قل لي ا ک ژى ا ک ژى )01,02( )02( )01( ), 0,01( ), 0,01( ) 0( ) 3, 3( ) 3( ) 3( ا تمبل ژ هي TFEB ا ک ژى )3 ) ت ين افؿايهي ظؼ هؽازل اثتعايي قؽ بى قي خ ميبفت زػف نع ظؼ قؽ بى هدؽاي قي تبثيؽ ثؽ ؾ ع هب عى تکثيؽ ه بخؽت تهکيل کل ي قيکل قل لي ؼنع ت ه ؼ ت ين ژى بي پؽآپ پت تيک آ تيآپ پت تيک ا ک ژى ا ک ژى ) 3, 3( )32( )3-31( )31( ث نعت افؿايم ثيبى يبفت ا ک ژى )33 ) ا ک ژى )33( )33( )33( )33( )33,33( )33( )33( خ م يبفت ظؼ ؼظ بي قل لي ههتك اؾ CRC ثبفت ل ا ت بي 3 ؼنع ت بخن ت ه ؼ ؼا تست تبثيؽ لؽاؼ هي ظ ع هؽتج ثب ظؼخ ث عي ت ه ؼ تست تبثيؽ لؽاؼظاظى تکثيؽ قل لي ت ه ؼ آپ پت ؾ هؽتج ثب هتبقتبؾ تست تبثيؽ لؽاؼظاظى ه بخؽت قل لي ت ين ژى بي هؽتج ثب EMT ت ين EMT اؾ ؽيك ف بلكبؾي هكيؽ Wnt ا ک ژى فبکت ؼ پيمآگ ي ظ ع يف هؽتج ثب پبقص ت ه ؼ ث نيويظؼهب ي ا ک ژى )33 )

5 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... اؾ 5 ل تهکيل نع ک ل اي ک ظؼ ا ت بي آى لؽاؼ ظاؼظ مم هس ؼي 3 اقبقي ؼا ظؼ فؽآي ع بي ثي ل ژيک اؾ لجيل تکثيؽ ه بخؽت ت بخن قل لي ثبؾي هيک ع. ايي لكوت هيت ا ع بزي ولکؽظي ايي ثبنع )9(. ظؼ هؽازل الي هتبقتبؾ قؽ بى ؼي ثب قل ل بي غيؽ ک چک lung( )Non-small cell ثيم اؾ ا عاؾ ثيبى هي ن ظ ق ذ ثبالي ثيبى آى ثب پيم آگ ي ثع ظؼ ايي ثيوبؼاى اؼتجب ظاؼظ. ث بثؽايي ث اى يک هبؼکؽ پيم- آگ ي ک ع ثؽاي هتبقتبؾ اهيع ث ؾ عگي ثيوبؼاى هجتال ث آظ کبؼقي هبي ؼي ه ؽذ نع اقت. ظؼ ه بل بت ثيبى نع اقت ک تسؽک قل ل قؽ ب ي ؼي ؼا ک ثؽاي هتبقتبؾ ه ن اقت اؾ ؽيك ت ين ژى ROD1 HMMR CCT4 CTHRC1 هؽتج ثب تسؽک هثل افؿايم هي وچ يي هبى ظاظ نع اقت ک ثيبى کب م ظؼ پي ع بي ظ ع. يبفت ي گؿ گؽافت ثيوبؼاى هجتال ث آظ کبؼقي هبي ؼي ثب ث خل گيؽي اؾ ؼنع تهکيل ت ه ؼ هي ن ظ. ال ثؽ ايي ههطى نع اقت ک ظؼ قؽ بى پب کؽا اؾ ؽيك کب م ثيبى ک E -کبظ ؽيي ثب ث افؿايم ت بخن هتبقتبؾ هي ن ظ. ايي گؿاؼنبت ثيبى هي ک ع يک بهل ل ي ظؼ فؽآي ع هتبقتبؾ اقت )11,.)29,23 ظؼ ا ا ظيگؽي اؾ قل ل بي قؽ ب ي اؾ لجيل قل ل قؽ ب ي ظ ب ؼزن caski ت ب ظؼ ه بخؽت قل لي ثلک ظؼ ؼنع قل ل پيهؽفت چؽض قل لي ظضيل اقت. ثب ث افؿايم تغييؽ قل ل ف بلقبؾي هؿا هيوي هكيؽ هثب ا دبم هي )EMT( هي wnt/b-catenine ث قل ل- اپيتليب يل ن ظ ک ايي ول ؼا اؾ ؽيك ظؼ قل ل قؽ ب ي ظ ع. ايي گؿاؼنبت يؿ ايي فؽ ي ک يک ف بلک ع هتبقتبؾ اقت فؽآي ع بي هتبقتبتيک ؼا تست تبثيؽ ض ظ لؽاؼ هيظ ع ؼا تبييع هيک ع. وچ يي هبى ظاظ نع اقت ک ه بؼ ث قيل هيکؽ ق تؿي ثب ث ه بؼ ف تيپ ثعضيوي ظؼ ؼظ قل لي قؽ بى هثب )T24 T5637( هي ن ظ )31(. ث ال ايي Lnc ظؼ چ عيي ت ه ؼ خبهع افؿايم ثيبى ظانت )upreulate( ثيبى افتؽالي آى ثب هتبقتبؾ پيهؽفت قؽ بى ظؼ اؼتجب اقت. ت ب ظؼ قؽ بى ؼي ثلک ظؼ قؽ بى پكتبى پب کؽا ؼظ پؽقتبت کجع يؿ افؿايم ثيبى ظاؼظ. ايي ه لت ظاللت ثؽ مم کليعي ظؼ پيهؽفت قؽ بى ظاؼظ )11(. وچ يي ظؼ ثي ل ژي کبؼقي م قل ل کلي ي ظضبلت ظاؼظ ث ايي تؽتيت ک اؾ ؽيك ث کبؼگيؽي فبکت ؼ Ezh2 ثؽ وک م ثب mir-205 ثب ث ت بخوي نعى ايي اضتالل هين ظ )31(. ت ين تبک ى اي ک چ فبکت ؼ ب پؽتئييي ثيبى نعى ژى ؼا ت ين هيک ع ث ض ثي ؼني هع اقت اهب ن ا عي خ ظ ظاؼظ ک هبى هيظ ع ظؼ قل ل ؼثالقت هبي SK-N-SH ؼه ى اکكيت قيي ثب ث افؿايم ق ر ظؼ قل ل هين ظ )49(. ال ثؽ ايي camp ث پؽه تؽ ژى هت ل هين ظ هوکي اقت يک ت ينک ع زيب يت ظؼ قل ل ؼثالقت هب ثبنع. اضيؽا يک ت ينک ع ث بم Tdp-43 ظؼ هغؿ ه ل ثبلغ ن بقبيينع اقت. کب م Tdp-43 ظؼ in ثيبى vivo پؽتئيي غبلت كت اي اقپاليكي گ پبيعاؼي ا كبى ؼا کب م هيظ ع. يک Tdp-43 اقت ک ؼ يكي آلتؽ بتي ؼا ت ين هيک ع. ظؼ هغؿ هجتالث FTLD-Tdp ات بل ث Tdp-43 افؿايميبفت اقت. وچ يي ثيبى ظؼ افؽاظ هجتالث FTLD-Tdp ث ؼلبثلهالز اي افؿايميبفت ک هيت ا ع ظليل الي اؼتجب ت گبت گ ثيي Tdp-43 ثبنع.)52-51( پؽتئيي هت ل ن ع ث ظ ؼنت اي يب DGCR8 يکي ظيگؽ اؾ پؽتئيي ث DGCR8 ظؼ ت بهل ثب اقت. ات بل 511 ظؼ کلئ تيع ال ؼش هيظ ع. اگؽچ ن ا ع هكتميوي ظؼ ظقتؽ ي كت اهب هسممبى پيه بظ هيک ع ک ثؽ وک م ثيي DGCR8 پبيعاؼي ي ؼا ک تؽل هيک ع چؽاک ث ع اؾ کب م DGCR8 يب Drosha ظؼ قيكتن ه ني يب ا كب ي يک افؿايم ظؼ فؽاا ي ه ؼظ ههب ع لؽاؼ گؽفت اقت )53(. ظؼ ه ل -/- Dicer ق ذ ظؼ همبيك ثب زهي تغييؽي ويک ع. ايي ه لت هبى هي ظ ع ک ا وبل اثؽ ثؽي ه ني غيؽ اثكت ث mi اقت. ظؼ همبثل ظؼ ثؽؼقي ثؽي ؼظ

6 33 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... قل لي ال هبى ظاظ نع ک ا كب ي ثب Ago2 ثؽ وک م ظاؼظ ک پيه بظک ع ايي اقت ک ا كب ي هيت ا ع تست ت ين mi لؽاؼ ثگيؽظ )54(. ولکؽظ بي ظؼ ت ين ظ فؽآي ع ثي ل ژيکي ه ن يؽ ت ين ثيبى ژى آلتؽ بتي اقپاليكي گ )AS( ظضبلت ظاؼظ )23(. ثؽضي ه بل بت ؼا ث اى يک ت ينک ع ثيبى ژى ن ظؼ ق ر ؼ يكي ژى ن ظؼ ق ر ث ع اؾ ؼ يكي ن بقبيي و ظ )26( ث ؽ هي ؼقع ک ا تمبل خبثدبيي ک تؽلک ع ؼنع ؼا اؾ هسي ؼ يكي ژى )اخكبم )Polycomb ث هسي ؼ يكي ژى )گؽا ل ثؽاي ه بؼي ف بلک ع اي تؽکؽهبتيي يب ICGs يب اقپيکل- كت اي( ک تؽل هيک ع. چؽض هتيالقي ى/ ظهتيالقي ى PC2( Polycomb 2 يب )CBX4 ک يکي اؾ اخؿاء کوپلکف قؽک ثگؽ Polycomb اقت هكئ ل ا تمبل فيؿيکي ژى ک تؽلک ع ؼنع اؾ اخكبم (PCGs( Polycomb خبيي ک ثيبى ژى ک تؽلک ع ؼنع قؽک ة هين ظ ث اقپيکل كت اي خبيي ک ثيبى ژى ک تؽلک ع ؼنع ف بل هين ظ هيثبنع. PC2 هتيل ثب ث قؽک ة ؼ يكي پيؽي ژى ک تؽلک ع ؼنع هين ظ ظؼزبليک PC2 ظهتيل ثؽاي ژى خبثدبيي ژى اقپيکل ک تؽلک ع ؼنع تکثيؽ قل لي ؽؼي اقت. ثيبى ک تؽلک ع ؼنع اؾ اخكبم Polycomb ث كت اي ثكتگي ث ثؽ وک م ثب PC2 يک ncي ظيگؽ ث بم TUG1 ظاؼظ. ب تدو يبفت ثب فؽم هتيل نع PC2 PCG ظؼ TUG1 ثؽ وک م ظاؼظ ظؼ زبليک ظؼ اقپيکل كت اي هكتمؽ نع ت ب ثب فؽم ظهتيل نع پؽتئيي PC2 ثؽ وک م ظاؼظ. ظؼ پبقص ث قيگ بل پؽتئيي PC2 ک ثؽي پؽه تؽ ژى ؼنع ث ک تؽلک ع ؼنع لؽاؼ ظاؼظ هت ل هين ظ. ث ع اؾ ات بل ث PC2 ايي پؽتئيي ظهتيل نع کؽه ظهي ي كت ى ژى ه بؼي me3( ايي پؽتئيي ثب ث تغييؽ )H3K9 ث يكت ى بي ف بلنع 13ac( )H2AK5ac H2AK هين ظ,43( (. ايي ول ه دؽ ث تسؽيک E2F1 ف بلقبؾي ؼ يكي هؽتج ثب ک تؽل ؼنع هي گؽظظ )11(. ث بثؽايي ضبه لقبؾي زتي ظؼ ز ؼ قيگ بل ثب ايدبظ نکكت ظؼ ا تمبل ژى ؼنع ک تؽلک ع ؼنع ث اقپيکل- كت اي وؽا اقت )23(. ثؽ وک م ثب فبکت ؼ بي هطتلف ات بل آى ؼا ث )CBX4( PC2 تك يل هيک ع ايي فبکت ؼ ب جبؼتا ع اؾ: فبکت ؼ بي ظهتيالؾ بي اقپاليكي گ SETD2 LSD1 ؼ يكي يكت ى هتيل تؽا كفؽاؾ ب يكت ى هؽتج ثب ف بلقبؾي ؼ يكي فبکت ؼ بي pre m هي ثبن ع. ايي ا ال بت هبىظ ع ا ويت ثبلم ث اى ثؽاي ثكتؽي قبؾهبىظ ي ثؽ به ف بلقبؾي ژى ث ي ؼت وب گ اقت. ثب ت خ ث اي ک ثب پؽتئيي ؾيب يظ ثؽ وک م ظاؼظ ث بثؽايي گوبى هيؼظ ک ولکؽظ ثكتگي ث ثؽ وک م آى ثب ه لک ل ظاؼظ )23(. ت ين آلتؽ بتي اقپاليك گ ت ق : هطتلف ثب ت خ ث تدو ظؼ اقپيکل بي SC35 )اقپيکل بي كت اي( ايي هيت ا ع ظؼ ت ين فؽآي ع بي پؽظاؾني ک يکي اؾ آى ب آلتؽ بتي اقپاليكي گ مم ظانت ثبنع )23(. AS يک هؽزل کليعي AS اقت يب ظؼ ت ين ثيبى ژى )ت ين ثيبى ژى ث ع اؾ ؼ يكي( اقت ا ت بؼ هيؼظ ک ثيم اؾ %95 ژى گيؽ ع. ضب اظ فكف پؽتئيي زبي چ ع اگؿى ظقتط ل AS لؽاؼ كت اي غ ي يب SR proteins يک گؽ اؾ پؽتئيي كت ع ک ث ف ؼ ظؼ اقپيکل اؾ قؽيي/ آؼژ يي هت ل ن ع ث كت اي يبفت نع هكئ ل ت ين AS هيثبن ع. هيت ا ع اؾ ؽيك ض ظ ث 5 ا ت بي SR-protein ب هت ل نع ثب تغييؽ ق ذ وچ يي هيؿاى فكف ؼيالقي ى آى ب AS ؼا ت ين )نکل ک ع.)3 کب م اؾ ؽيك اليگ کلئ تيع بي آ تي ق ف ثب ث تغييؽات قؽاقؽي ظؼ AS SRSF2.)42 هين ظ )9, )ASF/SF2(SRSF1 ثب فبکت ؼ بي SRSF3 اقپاليكي گ ثؽ وک م ظاؼظ. وچ يي کب م ه دؽ ث کب م چ عيي فبکت ؼ اقپاليكي گ اؾ لجيل: SF1 SRSF3 SRSF1 U2AF-65 B-U2-snRNP SF3a60 هين ظ. ث بثؽايي قل ل ب ثب اقتفبظ اؾ ايي لبثليت ظؼ ت ين ت عيل فبکت ؼ بي اقپاليكي گ هيت ا ع غل ت ه ي يک فبکت ؼ اقپاليكي گ ضبو ؼا هت بلت يک قيگ بل ضبؼخي ضبو يب ظؼ ل هؽزل ههط ي اؾ چؽض قل لي تغييؽ ظ ع.)23(

7 ي ي يؿ 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... ولکؽظ بي ظيگؽ ال ثؽ مم B-MYB ت ين ظؼ ت ين ثيبى ژى آلتؽ بتي اقپاليكي گ ايي lnc اؾ ؽيك ت ين ثيبى يب پؽظاؾل pre-m فبکت ؼ بي ي ؼ يكي ت ينک ع چؽض قل لي تکثيؽ قل لي ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ هيظ ع. ث جبؼتظيگؽ ه اؼظ افتؽالي قل لي ثيبى ژى ظؼ ل هؽازل ضبو چؽض ظضيل ظؼ پيهؽفت چؽض قل لي ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ هيظ ع. آ بليؿ بي تؽا كکؽيپت م ظؼ فيجؽثالقت ظيپل ئيع ا كب ي هبى ظاظ اقت ک ثيبى ژى چؽض قل لي ؼا ت ين هي ک ع ثؽاي ج ؼ اؾ هؽزل G1 ث S وچ يي پيهؽفت هيت تيک )G2/M( يبؾ اقت. کب م تطلي ظؼ ايي قل ل ب ه دؽ ث ت لف چؽض قل لي کب م تکثيؽ قل لي ث ؼ ه يظاؼي هين ظ ث ؼ وؿهبى ثب ث ف بلقبؾي ژى P53.)14( عف آى هين ظ همبظيؽ ظليك ظؼ قل ل ثؽاي ثيبى ف بليت فبکت ؼ ؼ يكي اقت. قل ل ا ک ژ يک B-MYB ف قال بظ زيب يت ؽؼي ت ي اؾ ثيبى کب ميبفت اي اؾ B-MYB ک يک فبکت ؼ ؼ يكي ظضيل ظؼ پيهؽفت چؽض قل لي اؾ هؽزل G2 ث M اقت ؼا هبى هيظ ع لت ايي اقت ک اقپاليكي گ ه خ ظ ثؽي MYB ثيبى ايي فبکت ؼ ؼ يكي اؾ ؽيك تغييؽ ظؼ ات بل فبکت ؼ بي pre-m -B هؽث ث فبکت ؼ B-MYB ثؽاي ؼ يكي ت عاظ ؾيب يظ ؼا کب م هيظ ع )14(. اؾ ژى بيي ک ظؼ پيهؽفت هيت تيک ظضبلت ظاؼ ع ه ؼظ يبؾ اقت )58, 59(. ثؽاي تأييع ايي ه لت ک pre-mي B-MYB ظؼ آلتؽ بتي اقپاليكي گ ظضبلت ظاؼظ ظؼ ثؽ وک م SRSF1 ثب اگؿى B-MYB ظؼ ز ؼ SRSF1 ثيي ثؽؼقي اگؿى نع. آ بليؿ ب B-MYB اقپاليكي گ بثدب ظؼ قل ل يک ه بل يب غيبة يک اؼتجب افؿايميبفت اي ظؼ قل ل ؼا هبى ظاظ ع ک ثب ث اؾ ت ي اؾ ت ي يک آلتؽ بتي ظؼ ؼ نت B-MYB هين ظ. ايي تبيح پيه بظ کؽظ ک ق ذ کب ميبفت قل لي pre-mي هيل ات بلي SRSF1 B-MYB ث ؼا تكؽي هيثطهع آلتؽ بتي اقپاليكي گ ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ هيظ ع. ث بثؽايي هيت اى گفت هيت ؾ ؼا اؾ ؽيك ک تؽل ثيبى هيک ع )14, 61(. 23, ال ثؽ ايي ههطى نع اقت ک الت بثي ظؼ قل ل پؽگليكوي المب نع اؾ ؽيك فؽآي ع بي. ا عتليبل ؼا ت ين هيک ع )61( ا ويت ظؼ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى ال ثؽ ه بلجي ک غکؽ نع ه بل بت گػنت هبى ظاظ ع ک افؿايم ثيبى ک تب هعت ؾظگػؼ تکثيؽ قل لي تهکيل ت ه ؼ ؼا ث تؽتيت ظؼ ظظهبى ه ل تكؽي هيثطهع ظؼزبليک کب م قل لي lines( )cell تطلي ظؼ قل ي هيظ ع )9, ؼ يكي ت ه ؼي ت ه ؼ ؾايي ؼا کب م 62(. 32, ظؼ ت ين ف بليت فبکت ؼ ک E2F1 يک بهل ت ي يي ک ع ثكيبؼ ه ن ظؼ پيهؽفت چؽض قل لي ت ه ؼ ؾايي اقت ظضبلت ظاؼظ )43(. ايي تبيح ثيب گؽ ايي ه اقت ک يک ولکؽظ تکثيؽي ثبلم ظاؼظ. تطلي ثؽي پيهؽفت چؽض قل لي قل ل HDF يب فيجؽثالقت بي ؽهبل ا كب ي ک ل وؽ هسعظي ظاؼ ع اثؽگػاؼ اقت. تبيح ث ظقتآهع اؾ فل قيت هتؽي قل ل ت ي اؾ هبى ظاظ اقت ک ايي قل ل ب ظچبؼ کب م ظؼ وب عقبؾي هين ع )فبؾS (. ال ثؽايي ايي قل ل ت ي اؾ يک افؿايم ظؼ خو يت G1 افؿايم خؿئي ظؼ خو يت G2 ؼا هبى ظاظ ع. وچ يي ايي قل ل اؾ ژى بيي افؿايميبفت اي ظاؼ ع ؼا هبى هيظ ع. اؾ ت ي ک ثب ت لف چؽض قل لي P53 )ت ه ؼ قبپؽق ؼ( ثيبى اؼتجب P21 )ه بؼک ع P27 )CdK ث هس تطلي اؾ ت ين ضبؼج هين ع )14(. قل ل ت ي اؾ ق ذ افؿايميبفت اي اؾ γh2ax ؼا هبى هيظ ع. γh2ax ظؼ ؾهبى آقيت ث DNA ظ ؼنت اي افؿايم هييبثع. ف تيپ- ت لف چؽض قل لي کب م ه يظاؼ ظؼ قل ل اؾ ت ي قل ل ت ي اؾ نع اي ک نبهل ت لف ظؼ هؽزل G1 هيظ ع )14(. ؼا ک هبىظ ع پيؽي ال ثؽ مم ه خ ظ ظؼ هؽزل S كت ع ظؼ ههب ع هين ظ. قل ل ؿ ؼ گآهيؿي β- گبالکت ؾيعاؾ تكؽي قل لي غکؽنع ثؽاي اقت اؾ ض ظ هبى ايي lnc يکي اؾ ت ينک ع ه ن ه بؼ ک ع ت ه ؼي

8 37 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... يکي اقت. اؾ ه نتؽيي ت ه ؼقبپؽق ؼ ب ک ث قيل ت ين هين ظ P53 هيثبنع. کب م تطلي قل ل اؾ ه دؽ ث ف بل نعى P53 ژى عف آى هين ظ. مبيى چؽض قل لي پبي يي ک ظؼ قل ل ت ي اؾ ههب ع نع ث ق ذ همبظيؽ P53 زكب كت ع. ايي ه لت هبىظ ع ايي اقت ک P53 يک اق ظقت ه ن وع ثؽاي ف بليت اقت. ظؼ يک ه بل هبى ظاظ نع اقت ک تطلي کب م هت بلت آقيت ث ظؼ فيجؽثالقت DNA ظؼ تيد ه دؽ ث ف بلقبؾي P53 ژى.)42,23,14( تيد گيؽي قؽ بى ث اى يب يک ثيوبؼي ؽهبل ا كب ي ک پبقطي ايدبظ هين ظ ؼا المبء هيک ع عف آى هين ظ ت عيعک ع زيبت ثهؽ و اؼ ت خ هسمميي ؼا ثؽاي يبفتي ؼا بيي ثؽاي تهطيى ؾظ گبم خعيع ظؼهب ي يبفتي ؼا ث ض ظ خلت کؽظ اقت. قؽ بى يک ثيوبؼي ژ تيکي اقت ک ث ظ جبل اضتالل ظؼ نجک ژ هي ت ه ؼ کليعي ه لک ل ايدبظ تغييؽات ژ تيک کل بل ظؼ ژى قؽک ثگؽ ا ک ژى ب ث خ ظ هيآيع. گؽ خعيعي اؾ ت ينک ع ک اغلت ث اى ت ه ؼقبپؽق ؼ ا ک ژى ول هيک ع ظؼ قبل آ ب ا دبم نع اقت nc ا ک ژ يک هيثبنع. اؾ ايي اضيؽ ه بل بت ؾيبظي ثؽي غيؽ کع ن ع ت ه ؼقبپؽق ؼ ؼ ه بل تغييؽات ايدبظنع ثؽ ؼي هبظ ژ تيکي قل ل ب اؾ ؽيك ه تبقي ى يب تغييؽات اپيژ تيکي اهل تأثيؽگػاؼ ثؽ ؼي آى ب يک خ ج ه ن پ يب ظؼ ه بل بت هلک لي هيثبنع. کهف مم بيؽ ت يوي اؾ لجيل ثيبى ژى ب هيت ا ع هکب يكن غيؽکعن ع )lncs( ظؼ يک پيهؽفت کليعي هلک لي قؽ بى ثبنع )63(. ظؼ کبل ه بل بت هطتلف ظؼ ؾهي اؼتجب اؾ ت ين ضبؼج نعى ثيبى تبثيؽ آى ثؽ ثي ل ژي قؽ بى تبيح يکكب ي ؼا گؿاؼل کؽظ ث ظ ع. ظؼ ه بل بت Lin )2116( Jain-Hua )2117( ظؼ ثؽؼقي قؽ بى قل ل ؼقيع ع ک ظؼ و کجعي ث ايي تيد ت ه ؼي ه ني ا كب ي اؾ ت ين ضبؼج هين ظ. آ بليؿ بي کوي ليي هبى ظاظ ک ق ر ايي ظؼ قل ل كجت ث قل ل کبؼقي هبي پبت قل الؼ 7-6 ثؽاثؽ قبلن کجعي nc ظؼ توبهي کبؼقي م ثؽؼقي ثبلم ايي افؿايم ثيبى ظانت. ايي غيؽ پبتيکي ک ت ق ليي نع ث ظ افؿايم ثيبى ظانت ک ثب مم ازتوبلي ث اى قؽ ب ي ه بثمت ظاؼظ )34, 35(. ظؼ ه بل ی ظؼ قبل Lai يک ثي هبؼکؽ ثؽاي 2112 کلي يکي ن ظؼ ؼظ قل لي کبؼقي م پبت قل الؼ افؿايم ثيبى قل ل هبى ظاظ نع ک ن ظؼ و Up-( يبفت )regulated نع اقت. ظؼ قبل Han 2113 وکبؼاى ظؼ قل ل ثؽؼقي قؽ ب ي هثب ث ايي تيد ؼقيع ع ک تکثيؽ قل لي ت ه ؼ ه بخؽت قل لي آپ پت ؾ ؼا تست تأثيؽ لؽاؼ هيظ ع ثب ظؼخ ت ه ؼ ظؼ اؼتجب اقت. ثب ت خ ث ه بل بت ا دبم نع ه بلت غکؽنع ثيي پيهؽفت قؽ بى نعى ت پؽ ه ؼظ ه بل ظؼ ايي پژ م اؾ ت ين ضبؼج اؼتجب هؤثؽي ههب ع نع ظؼ ثؽؼقي ثيوبؼاى هجتال ث ا ا هطتلف قؽ بى ثيبى ايي غيؽکعن ع ظچبؼ اضتالل اقت لػا ت خ ث ايي هب گؽ بي يي ک هيت ا ع ظؼ پيمآگ ي پيهگ يي پبقص ث ظؼهبى هؽزل ث عي پبت ل ژيک ظؼهبى ثيوبؼي کوک ک ع ثبن ع زبئؿ ا ويت اقت. References 1. Cowin PA, Anglesio M, Etemadmoghadam D, Bowtell DD. Profiling the cancer genome. Annual review of genomics and human genetics. 2010;11: Calin GA, Croce CM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: interplay between noncoding s and protein-coding genes. Blood. 2009;114(23): Calin GA, Pekarsky Y, Croce CM. The role of micro and other non-coding in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology. 2007;20(3): Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Weinberg RA. Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by micro-10b in breast cancer. Nature. 2007;449(7163):682-8.

9 78 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر Ruan K, Fang X, Ouyang G. Micros: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer. Cancer letters. 2009;285(2): Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Dutta A, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH, et al. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature. 2007;447(7146): Li G, Zhang H, Wan X, Yang X, Zhu C, Wang A, et al. Long noncoding plays a key role in metastasis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. BioMed research international. 2014; Nowak R. Mining treasures from'junk DNA'. Science. 1994;263(5147): Qiu M-T, Hu J-W, Yin R, Xu L. Long noncoding : an emerging paradigm of cancer research. Tumor Biology. 2013;34(2): Tano K, Akimitsu N. Long non-coding s in cancer progression. Frontiers in genetics. 2012;3 (4): Zuckerkandl E, Cavalli G. Combinatorial epigenetics, junk DNA, and the evolution of complex organisms. Gene. 2007;390(1): Ahmadi J, Kaviani S, Atashi A. Evaluation of gene expression in AML and ALL cell lines. Koomesh. 2015;17(1):Pe179- Pe86, En Ahmadi J, Jahanbazi Jahan Abad A, Barahimi A, Atashi A. Introduction of Long Non-Coding s as Novel Biomarkers in Central Nervous System Disorders. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2015;3(3): Tripathi V, Shen Z, Chakraborty A, Giri S, Freier SM, Wu X, et al. Long noncoding controls cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of oncogenic transcription factor B-MYB. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3):e Dinger ME, Amaral PP, Mercer TR, Pang KC, Bruce SJ, Gardiner BB, et al. Long noncoding s in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Genome research. 2008;18(9): Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, Koegel AK, Kotake Y, Grant GD, et al. Extensive and coordinated transcription of noncoding s within cell-cycle promoters. Nature genetics. 2011;43(7): Prasanth KV, Spector DL. Eukaryotic regulatory s: an answer to the genome complexity conundrum. Genes & development. 2007;21(1): Rinn JL, Chang HY. Genome regulation by long noncoding s. Annual review of biochemistry. 2012;81: Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, et al. Long noncoding HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 2010;464(7291): Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding, and thymosin β4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2003;22(39): Schmidt LH, Spieker T, Koschmieder S, Humberg J, Jungen D, Bulk E, et al. The long noncoding MALAT-1 indicates a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer and induces migration and tumor growth. Journal of thoracic oncology. 2011;6(12): Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding point of view. biology. 2012;9(6): Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Diederichs S. a paradigm for long noncoding function in cancer. Journal of molecular medicine. 2013;91(7): Hutchinson JN, Ensminger AW, Clemson CM, Lynch CR, Lawrence JB, Chess A. A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding s associated with SC35 splicing domains. BMC genomics. 2007;8(1): Lamond AI, Spector DL. Nuclear speckles: a model for nuclear organelles. Nature

10 78 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2003;4(8): Miyagawa R, Tano K, Mizuno R, Nakamura Y, Ijiri K, Rakwal R, et al. Identification of cis-and trans-acting factors involved in the localization of MALAT-1 noncoding to nuclear speckles. Rna. 2012;18(4): Bernard D, Prasanth KV, Tripathi V, Colasse S, Nakamura T, Xuan Z, et al. A long nuclear retained non coding regulates synaptogenesis by modulating gene expression. The EMBO journal. 2010;29(18): Brown JA, Valenstein ML, Yario TA, Tycowski KT, Steitz JA. Formation of triplehelical structures by the 3 -end sequences of and MENβ noncoding s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012;109(47): Han T, Jiao F, Hu H, Yuan C, Wang L, Jin Z-L, et al. EZH2 promotes cell migration and invasion but not alters cell proliferation by suppressing E-cadherin, partly through association with MALAT-1 in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(10): Fu X, Liu Y, Zhuang C, Liu L, Cai Z, Huang W. Synthetic artificial micros targeting UCA1- or c-myc inhibit malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer cells T24 and Molecular BioSystems. 2015;11(5): Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Shahryari V, Deng G, Nakajima K, Tabatabai ZL, et al. Long Noncoding Promotes Aggressive Renal Cell Carcinoma through Ezh2 and Interacts with mir-205. Cancer research. 2015;75(7): Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Eißmann M, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hung G, et al. The noncoding is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells. Cancer research. 2013;73(3): Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, et al. MALAT 1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motilityrelated genes. FEBS letters. 2010;584(22): Lin R, Maeda S, Liu Ca, Karin M, Edgington T. A large noncoding is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene. 2007;26(6): Luo JH, Ren B, Keryanov S, Tseng GC, Rao UN, Monga SP, et al. Transcriptomic and genomic analysis of human hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Hepatology. 2006;44(4): Lai M-c, Yang Z, Zhou L, Zhu Q-q, Xie H-y, Zhang F, et al. Long non-coding MALAT-1 overexpression predicts tumor recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Medical oncology. 2012;29(3): Davis IJ, Hsi B-L, Arroyo JD, Vargas SO, Yeh YA, Motyckova G, et al. Cloning of an Alpha-TFEB fusion in renal tumors harboring the t (6; 11)(p21; q13) chromosome translocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(10): Guffanti A, Iacono M, Pelucchi P, Kim N, Soldà G, Croft LJ, et al. A transcriptional sketch of a primary human breast cancer by 454 deep sequencing. BMC genomics. 2009;10(1): Praz V, Jagannathan V, Bucher P. CleanEx: a database of heterogeneous gene expression data based on a consistent gene nomenclature. Nucleic acids research. 2004;32(suppl 1):D542-D Ellis MJ, Ding L, Shen D, Luo J, Suman VJ, Wallis JW, et al. Whole-genome analysis informs breast cancer response to aromatase inhibition. Nature. 2012;486(7403): GuoFJ LY, Liu Y. Inhibition of metas tasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in CaSki h uman cervical cancer cells su ppresses cell proliferat ion and invasion. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2010;42(3): Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, Song DY, Pan Q, Watt AT, et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding regulates

11 78 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر... alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Molecular cell. 2010;39(6): Yang L, Lin C, Liu W, Zhang J, Ohgi KA, Grinstein JD, et al. nc-and Pc2 methylation-dependent gene relocation between nuclear structures mediates gene activation programs. Cell. 2011;147(4): Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Okubo C, Ishiyama T, et al. Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus. Cancer science. 2006;97(2): Xu C, Yang M, Tian J, Wang X, Li Z. MALAT-1: a long non-coding and its important 3'end functional motif in colorectal cancer metastasis. International journal of oncology. 2011;39(1): Han Y, Liu Y, Nie L, Gui Y, Cai Z. Inducing cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and motility reduction by silencing long noncoding ribonucleic acid metastasisassociated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urology. 2013;81(1):209. e1-. e Ying L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Qiu F. Upregulated MALAT-1 contributes to bladder cancer cell migration by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Molecular biosystems. 2012;8(9): Fellenberg J, Bernd L, Delling G, Witte D, Zahlten-Hinguranage A. Prognostic significance of drug-regulated genes in highgrade osteosarcoma. Modern Pathology. 2007;20(10): Koshimizu T-a, Fujiwara Y, Sakai N, Shibata K, Tsuchiya H. Oxytocin stimulates expression of a noncoding tumor marker in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Life sciences. 2010;86(11): Buratti E, Baralle FE. Multiple roles of TDP-43 in gene expression, splicing regulation, and human disease. Front Biosci. 2008;13: Polymenidou M, Lagier-Tourenne C, Hutt KR, Huelga SC, Moran J, Liang TY, et al. Long pre-m depletion and missplicing contribute to neuronal vulnerability from loss of TDP-43. Nature neuroscience. 2011;14(4): Tollervey JR, Curk T, Rogelj B, Briese M, Cereda M, Kayikci M, et al. Characterizing the targets and position-dependent splicing regulation by TDP-43. Nature neuroscience. 2011;14(4): Macias S, Plass M, Stajuda A, Michlewski G, Eyras E, Cáceres JF. DGCR8 HITS-CLIP reveals novel functions for the Microprocessor. Nature structural & molecular biology. 2012;19(8): Weinmann L, Höck J, Ivacevic T, Ohrt T, Mütze J, Schwille P, et al. Importin 8 is a gene silencing factor that targets argonaute proteins to distinct ms. Cell. 2009;136(3): Bernstein E, Duncan EM, Masui O, Gil J, Heard E, Allis CD. Mouse polycomb proteins bind differentially to methylated histone H3 and and are enriched in facultative heterochromatin. Molecular and cellular biology. 2006;26(7): Hu Q, Kwon Y-S, Nunez E, Cardamone MD, Hutt KR, Ohgi KA, et al. Enhancing nuclear receptor-induced transcription requires nuclear motor and LSD1-dependent gene networking in interchromatin granules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008;105(49): Wagner EJ, Carpenter PB. Understanding the language of Lys36 methylation at histone H3. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2012;13(2): Joaquin á, Watson R. Cell cycle regulation by the B-Myb transcription factor. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS. 2003;60(11): Lam E, Robinson C, Watson R. Characterization and cell cycle-regulated expression of mouse B-myb. Oncogene. 1992;7(9):

12 77 بيان ژن بعنوان يک نشانگر Zong X, Tripathi V, Prasanth KV. splicing control: yet another gene regulatory role for long nuclear noncoding s. biology. 2011;8(6): Puthanveetil P, Chen S, Feng B, Gautam A, Chakrabarti S. Long non coding regulates hyperglycaemia induced inflammatory process in the endothelial cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Li L, Feng T, Lian Y, Zhang G, Garen A, Song X. Role of human noncoding s in the control of tumorigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(31): Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA. micros as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Developmental biology. 2007;302(1):1-12.

13 Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 5(4): as a new biomarker in cancer biology Rahim Soleimani-Jelodar 1, Ghasemi Bahareh 2, Ahmadi Javad 1*, Mohammad Sarmadi 3 1- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran 2- Department of Hematology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran *Corresponding Address: Department of Laboratory Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran address: ahmadij1@thums.ac.ir Abstract Background & Aim: Long non-coding s are regulatory molecules that adjust many vital intracellular processes. is a long non-coding playing a key role in the regulation of intracellular important processes and also involved in biology of various cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functions of and overview of its role in cancer biology. Methods: in this review, Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for the following keywords long non-coding,, cancer and metastasis. The results were limited to the period of Totally, 213 papers were chosen and at the end, 63 of them were included in the study. Results: is involved in adjusting two important biological processes including regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing. plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle, early stages of cancer metastasis, activation of p53 and its target genes, expression and activity of oncogenic transcription factor B-MYB, regulating the activity of E2F1 transcription factor, apoptosis pathway, regulation of hyperglycemia and many other processes. Conclusion: Discussing about effect of on regulation of cellular critical processes, this study tries to better understand the mechanisms of cancer progression by this regulatory. Comprehending the role of these regulatory s and exploring their influence on biology of various cancers can be helpful in prognosis, predicting response to treatment, staging of disease and treatment of malignancies. Furthermore, these molecules could potentially be proposed as novel therapeutic targets. Keywords: Long non-coding,, Cancer, Metastasis

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